The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 was an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan by which the United States abolished segregation measures against immigrants from Japan already settled on their territory and allowed them to reunite with their families, and Japan restricted emigration to the United States. Lincoln’s priority—shared by Grant—was “to bind up the nation’s wounds” and unite the country together again as a functioning democracy under the Constitution; extended retribution against the former Confederates would only slow down the process. Harry R. Rubenstein originally wrote this for What It Means to Be American, a national conversation hosted by the Smithsonian Institution and Zócalo Public Square. Advertising Notice The war at times seemed to have no resolution. As the problem escelated the Japanese and the United States governments intervened to preserve diplomatic peace.The Gentleman's Agreement of 1907 collection in DIVA gathers primary source documents including telegrams, letters, and confidential memos from 1906 through 1908 that detail the discussions of Theodoore Roosevelt, Elihu Root, Kazuo Matsubara, and others. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two Pacific nations. ... Japanese was restricted by the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907-8. This agreement involved the President personally, and high officials in the U.S. Steel Corporation. These objects from that day a century-and-a-half ago act as silent witnesses to remind us of a truly remarkable time when two generals helped choreograph an unusually understanding armistice between two war-weary combatants. [8], Many Japanese Americans argued with the school board that the segregation of schools went against the Treaty of 1894, which did not expressly address education but indicated that Japanese in America would receive equal rights. Ulysses S. Grant or Robert E. Lee? The most punishing conflict ever fought on American soil was coming to an end. As the Japanese population in California grew, they were seen with suspicion as an entering wedge by Japan. They assimilated to American social norms, such as on clothing. The title is a reference to an unspoken gentleman's agreement not to sell homes, rent apartments or admit Jews to resorts or social clubs. Gentlemen's agreement definition, an agreement that, although unenforceable at law, is binding as a matter of personal honor. Gentlemen's Agreement. Many within the Union considered Confederates traitors who were personally responsible for this tremendous loss of lives and property. Why Won't the U.S. Japanese were not part of the act only because the Gentlemen’s Agreement … The toll on the nation had been enormous, and few had escaped its impact. However, the white power elite found a way to maintain control. Grant entered a half hour later, dressed informally in what he called a “soldier’s blouse,” his boots and pants spattered with mud. The agreement was never ratified by the United States Congress and was superseded by the Immigration Act of 1924. The terms of surrender, however, would be a simple gentlemen’s agreement. [10], Concessions were agreed in a note consisting of six points a year later. ), "Japanese-American Passport Agreement," in, the 1905 decisive Japanese victory against Russia, List of United States immigration legislation, "Historical Perspectives on the Schooling of Asian/Pacific Americans", "The 'Gentlemen's' Agreement – Exclusion by Class", "The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Avoidance of War with Japan", Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1855), Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia (1857), Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854), Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856), Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States – Japan) (1859), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1859), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859), Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1859), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1857), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1861), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1862), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869), Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871), Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873), Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874, Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884), Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887), Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888), Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894), Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894), Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan (1895), Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895), German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898), Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898), Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903), Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905), Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909), Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911), Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911), North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, Japan-China Co-defense Military Pact (1918), Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922), German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927), Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935), Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936), Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940), Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940), Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941), Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951), Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952), Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954), Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956), Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958), Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959), Japan–US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (1960), Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia (1976), Sino–Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty (1978), Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996), Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997), American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998), American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000), Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000), Trump administration family separation policy, U.S. The two commanders sat across from each other in the home’s parlor, Lee in a tall caned armchair and Grant in a swivel chair with a padded leather back next to a small oval side table. Those present at Appomattox knew this was a historic moment. The Japanese government wanted to protect its reputation as a world power. Tokyo newspapers denounced the segregation as an insult to Japanese pride and honor. Listen? The terms of the agreement are implied or expressed in the dialogue exchanged between the parties. Sewage Has Stories to Tell. Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1908 (Hayashi-Lemieux Agreement) In 1908, Canadian Minister of Labour Rodolphe Lemieux negotiated an agreement with Japanese Foreign Minister Tadasu Hayashi to restrict Japanese immigration to Canada. Some “gentlemen’s agreements” don’t fare so well when exposed to the light of day. At the time, Japanese immigrants made up approximately 1% of the population of California, many of whom had immigrated under a treaty in 1894 that had assured free immigration from Japan. Roosevelt tried to pressure the school board, but it would not budge. To appease Californians and avoid an open breach with the rising world power of Japan, President Theodore Roosevelt brokered this diplomatic agreement whereby the Japanese government assumed responsibility for sharply restricting Japanese immigration, particularly that of laborers, so that Japanese American children could continue to attend integrated schools on the west coast. The Immigration Act of 1924 would close the loopholes that remained. The Gentleman’s Agreement That Ended the Civil War When Generals Grant and Lee sat down at Appomattox Court House, they brought an end to … GUIDED READING As you read, consider the following questions: One-hundred-and-fifty years ago, on April 9, 1865, a lone Confederate horseman violently waving a white towel as a flag of truce galloped up to the men of the 118th Pennsylvania Infantry near Appomattox Court House and asked for directions to the headquarters of Major General Philip Sheridan. The Gentlemen's Agreement was a series of informal and nonbinding arrangements between Japan and the United States in 1907–8, in which the Japanese government agreed to voluntarily restrict issuing passports good for the continental United States to laborers while the US government promised to protect the rights of Japanese immigrants and their children already living in the United … The most famous of these "gentlemen's agreements" occurred during the stock market panic of 1907. There would be no mass imprisonments or executions, no parading of defeated enemies through Northern streets. [12], See U.S. State Department, "Japanese-American Relations at the Turn of the Century, 1900–1922", Waldo R. Browne (ed. Capehart had given the Grant chair to one of his officers, General Wilmon Blackmar, who bequeathed it to the Institution in 1906. Grant then signed the document on the side table next to his chair and passed it to Lee for his signature. of a gentlemen's agreement to ban tests. California Do Not Sell My Info [9], President Roosevelt had three objectives to resolve the situation: showing Japan that the policies of California did not reflect the ideals of the entire country, forcing San Francisco to remove the segregation policies, and reaching a resolution to the Japanese immigration problem. On February 15, 1907, the parties came to a compromise. Masuda, Hajimu, “Rumors of War: Immigration Disputes and the Social Construction of American-Japanese Relations, 1905–1913,”, This page was last edited on 5 April 2021, at 12:58. Gentlemen Agreement On the morning of April 9, while General Lee realized that the retreat of his beleaguered army had finally been halted, General Grant was riding toward Appomattox Court House where Union Cavalry, followed by infantry from the 5th, 24th, and 25th Corps had blocked the Confederate path. The Army of Northern Virginia would surrender their arms, return home, and agree “not to take up arms against the Government of the United States.” At Lee’s request, Grant even allowed Confederates who owned their own horses to keep them so that they could tend their farms and plant spring crops. Print Cite ... compromise the Japanese government was willing to make in order to avoid a Japanese version of the Chinese Exclusion Act . [11] By establishing marital bonds at a distance, women seeking to emigrate to the United States were able to gain a passport, and Japanese workers in America were able to gain a mate of their own nationality. Lee and his men were famished, exhausted and surrounded. The head tax was increased to four dollars by the Immigration Act of 1907. Under the controlling decisions of the United States Supreme Court (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896), a state did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution by requiring racial segregation so long as the separate facilities were substantially equal. The Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh was signed between Telangana and Andhra leaders before the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh of India in 1956. It urged the government to "alert the American people to the grav-ity of the international crisis.'' Get the best of Smithsonian magazine by email. Many joined Methodist and Presbyterian churches.[3][4]. Privacy Statement What’s the ‘gentlemen’s agreement’? The Union army, led by General Ulysses S. Grant, had relentlessly pursued the Confederate troops—this time, there would be no possible escape. Continue Keep up-to-date on: © 2021 Smithsonian Magazine. Sheridan gave the table to Custer as a present for his wife, Elizabeth, who would also receive from Whitaker a portion of the surrender towel the Confederate rider used earlier that day. Transportation was limited after the earthquake, and many students could not attend the Oriental Public School. Japanese immigration was later 21 † Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) † Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) † Emergency Quota Act (1921) These federal actions demonstrate that Americans have (1) supported the principle of open immigration (2) provided immigrants equal access to jobs and social programs (3) forced immigrants to settle in designated areas gentlemen's agreement, in U.S. history, an agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907 that Japan should stop the emigration of its laborers to the United States and that the United States should stop discrimination against Japanese living in the United States. United again, these common everyday objects—a red striped towel, a couple of chairs, and a side table—document an extraordinary moment in history, when the Civil War effectively came to an end, and, though dramatically remade, the nation would be preserved. However the elements of nonacceptance can be more subtle. Significance: In the wake of Japanese military victories over the Chinese and the Russians as well as following the turmoil of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and a resultant segregation order by the San Francisco Board of Education against Japanese and Korean schoolchildren, President Theodore Roosevelt’s federal government negotiated a Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan that defused threats of war, ended the segregation order, and limited Japanese immigration. At once, Grant sent out the order, “The war is over; the rebels are our countrymen again; and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be to abstain from all demonstrations in the field.” Other Southern forces remained in the field further south, but few would continue fighting when they learned of the outcome at Appomattox. The Chinese Exclusion Act was amended and tightened in legislation enacted in 1884, 1888, 1892, and 1902. Nothing in America’s experience in the past or since had been so brutal or costly. The agreement provided safeguards with the purpose of preventing discrimination against Telangana by the government of Andhra Pradesh. The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 (日米紳士協約, Nichibei Shinshi Kyōyaku) was an informal agreement between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan whereby the United States would not impose restrictions on Japanese immigration and Japan would not allow further emigration to the United States. 6 THE COURT: Sure. The result was a series of six notes communicated between Japan and the United States from late 1907 to early 1908. gentleman's agreement: an agreement not intended to be legally enforceable and which will not be enforced if the court accepts that it is such. If Roosevelt could ensure the suspension of Japanese immigration, the school board would allow Japanese American students to attend public schools. In 1906, the San Francisco Board of Education passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend separate, segregated schools. The agreement was never ratified by the United States Congress and was superseded by the Immigration Act of 1924. [7], At the time, there were 93 Japanese students spread across 23 elementary schools. He made his way to General George Armstrong Custer, who sent the rider back to his superiors with the following reply: “We will listen to no terms but that of unconditional surrender.”. Grant’s staff officers crowded the room. Which General Was Better? Hobson makes the point that antisemitism can be selective as well - … Diplomatic negotiations between Japan and the United States resulted in the "Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907": the United States refrained from passing laws that specifically excluded Japanese immigration or discriminated against Japanese Americans, and Japan agreed to prevent its working-class citizens from leaving for the United States. After the 1906 fire, the school board sent the 93 Japanese students to the Chinese Primary School and renamed it "The Oriental Public School for Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans." The Underappreciated and Forgotten Sites of the Civil War, Vivid Images of Civil War Casualties Inspire a Scholar's Inner Muse. It was not until 1868 that the Japanese government lessened restrictions and that Japanese immigration to the United States began. For decades, policies segregated Japanese schools, but they were not enforced as long as there was room and white parents did not complain. The South’s Army of Northern Virginia was in its final hours. [11] Because of that provision, which helped close the gender gap within the community from a ratio of 7 men to every woman in 1910 to less than 2 to 1 by 1920, the Japanese American population continued to grow despite the Agreement's limits on immigration. [2] In 1885, the first Japanese workers arrived in the Kingdom of Hawaii, which was then independent. Give a Gift. Healing the country, rather than vengeance, directed Grant’s and the Lincoln administration’s actions. 7 MR. HANLEY: I know the Court gets very actively 8 involved, so I'll -- I'll just amplify some of the -- the But the previous December, General William T. Sherman had completed his destructive march to the sea; the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia, had fallen earlier in April; and now the once great Army of Northern Virginia was decimated and surrounded. The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 (日米紳士協約, Nichibei Shinshi Kyōyaku) was an informal agreement between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan whereby the United States would not impose restrictions on Japanese immigration and Japan would not allow further emigration to the United States. Reconciliation after the war would not be as easy or painless as many of the individuals who crowded into the McLean parlor on that spring day had hoped. The agreement was followed by the admission of students of Japanese ancestry into public schools. “gentlemen's agreement” with Japan to limit the immigration of Japanese laborers to the United States. US President Theodore Roosevelt, who had a positive opinion of Japan, accepted the Agreement as proposed by Japan to avoid more formal immigration restrictions. Meany's comment was made in connection with a foreign policy, statement adopted unanimously by the AFL-CIO Executive Council. In the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907, Japan agreed to bar its citizens from emigrating to the United States. Anti-Chinese sentiment motivated American entrepreneurs to recruit Japanese laborers. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. “There is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant,” he told his staff that morning, “and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” Messengers, racing between the lines, carried communiques between the two camps, to halt the fighting and arrange a meeting. Most Japanese immigrants wanted to reside in America permanently and came in family groups, in contrast to the Chinese immigration of young men, most of whom soon returned to China. Generals Grant and Lee agreed to convene at the home of Wilmer McLean at Appomattox Court House to stop the fighting between their two armies. In return, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt agreed to urge San Francisco to rescind an order by which it … General Sheridan took the side table, Brigadier General Henry Capehart removed Grant’s chair, and Lieutenant Colonel Whitaker obtained Lee’s. Origins Act of 1924, which barred the immigration of all “aliens ineligible for citizenship.” From a high of over 107,000 in 1890, the Chinese population in the U.S. dwindled over the following decades. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Unaccompanied minors from Central America, List of people deported from the United States, United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints, Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006, Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007, Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013), Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013, Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles, Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform, Federation for American Immigration Reform, California Coalition for Immigration Reform, National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC), "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech), "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech), Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library, Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907&oldid=1016110833, History of immigration to the United States, History of the foreign relations of the Republic of China, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with dead external links from August 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, To reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations, Extension of the Chinese Exclusion Act to include Japanese and Koreans, Exclusion by League members of Japanese employees and the hiring of firms that employ Japanese, Initiation of pressure the School Board to segregate Japanese from white children. In 1936, Elizabeth Custer, whose late husband is better remembered for his last stand at the Battle of Little Big Horn than his role in the Civil War, gave the side table and her portion of the surrender towel. The Japanese government did not want to harm its national pride or to suffer humiliation like the Qing government in 1882 in China from the Chinese Exclusion Act. 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It was nullified by the Immigration Act of 1924, which legally banned all Asians from migrating to the United States. By 1905, anti-Japanese rhetoric filled the pages of the San Francisco Chronicle, and Japanese Americans did not live only in Chinatown but throughout the city. The 1917 Asiatic Barred Zone Act excluded from immigration everyone from the continent of Asia– it especially aimed at Indians, including especially Sikhs, but also Koreans, Vietnamese, Thai, Indonesians, etc. Government officials became aware that a crisis was at hand, and intervention was necessary to maintain diplomatic peace. The Chinese Exclusion Act The Gentlemen Agreement And The National Origins Act Were Reactions Mike Burroughs The Act followed the Angell Treaty of 1880, a series of revisions to the Burlingame Treaty between the United States and China of 1868, which allowed the United States to suspend Chinese immigration. They made some small talk before Lee asked on what terms Grant would “receive the surrender of my army.”. The Japanese and Korean Exclusion League appeared before the school board multiple times to complain. [2] On February 8, 1907, Roosevelt and Root met with San Francisco school officials and California legislative leaders to work out a negotiation. Reconstruction was a slow and at times violent undertaking, and Lincoln’s wish that the nation shall have a new birth of freedom would largely be deferred. I'm sure there's going to be a lot of 4 overlap, and it's not my intent to just repeat everything 5 that's in our briefs. 18th Annual Photo Contest Winners and Finalists Announced! The goal was to reduce tensions between the two Pacific nations. Over McLean’s objections, Union officers snapped up his furniture as trophies, leaving behind gold coins as payment. The Japanese government agreed to stop granting passports to laborers who were trying to enter the United States unless such laborers were coming to occupy a formerly-acquired home, to join a parent; spouse; or child, or to assume active control of a previously-acquired farming enterprise. The Gentlemen's Agreement was never written into a law passed by the US Congress but was an informal agreement between the United States and Japan, enacted via unilateral action by President Roosevelt. Cookie Policy Start studying "Gentlemen's Agreement". Firing of salutes spontaneously rang out as news of the surrender reached nearby Union lines. More than 600,000 Northern and Southern soldiers had died, hundreds of thousands maimed and wounded; billions of dollars had been lost; and destruction of property was widespread. etc. In exchange, the United States agreed to accept the presence of Japanese immigrants already residing there; to permit the immigration of wives, children, and parents; and to avoid legal discrimination against Japanese American children in California schools. or Whitaker would donate Lee’s chair to a Grand Army of the Republic charity event, where it was purchased by Captain Patrick O’Farrell and later donated to the Smithsonian by his widow in 1915. However, the Gentlemen’s Agreement did just the opposite as it actually helped grow the Japanese population because the act opened the door to picture brides which promoted family formation. The school board dismissed its claims because it was fiscally infeasible to create new facilities to accommodate only 93 students. Gentlemen’s Agreement, U.S.-Japanese understanding in which Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the U.S., except to those engaged in certain occupations. In the early 70’s, after City Council’s racist history with DeWitty, the Voting Rights Act (VRA) forced Austin to allow minority representation. “[The A.D. Club representative] would say what he wanted, and my father would say what he wanted, and they’d come to an agreement.” “It was a gentlemen’s agreement,” Humphreys explains. Deeply insulted, Japanese diplomats lobbied President Theodore Roosevelt [2] to intervene. Victor Metcalf, Secretary of Commerce and Labor, was sent to investigate the issue and to force the rescission of the policies. There was also a strong desire on the part of the Japanese government to resist being treated as inferiors. In 1905, the Japanese and Korean Exclusion League was established and promoted four policies: Tensions had been rising in San Francisco, and since the 1905 decisive Japanese victory against Russia, Japan demanded treatment as an equal. See more. Harry R. Rubenstein is curator emeritus in the Division of Political History at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. Gentleman's Agreement [1908] In order that the best results might follow an enforcement of the regulations, an understanding was reached with Japan that the existing policy of discouraging emigration of its subjects of the laboring classes to continental United States should be continued, and should, by co-operation with the governments, be made as effective as possible. A 1908 Department of Commerce and Labor Report outlined what the agreement contained and appears below. No need. "Gentlemen's Agreement" Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in … With Lee’s surrender, the war effectively came to an end. an informal, often unwritten agreement or transaction backed only by the integrity of the counterparty to actually abide by its terms. While finding a path to reunite the nation might have been the goal of some, others turned to the struggle over political, social and economic power in the post-war era that saw tremendous and far-reaching changes. A gentleman's agreement is an informal agreement based on casual communication and/or physical actions between the two parties, without any formal written documentation. A Union officer wrote down the terms. Japan did not want the United States to pass any such legislation as had happened to the Chinese under the Chinese Exclusion Act. 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States to pass any such legislation as had happened to the United States Congress and was superseded by the Act... Agreement ’ through Northern streets his officers, General Wilmon Blackmar, bequeathed... S agreements ” don ’ t fare so well when exposed to gentlemen's agreement act grav-ity of the agreement provided with. The surrender reached nearby Union lines migrating to the grav-ity of the agreement provided safeguards with the of! And that Japanese Immigration to the United States from late 1907 to 1908! It would not budge be no mass imprisonments or executions, no parading of defeated enemies through Northern....

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